Unlike other violence acts, in  this event the country which was responsible for the violence was blamed from then to now. When the civil war broke out in Sri Lanka between the LTTE and the Sri Lankan Army, Sri Lanka asked the help of India for controlling the violence and India then ruled by Mr. Rajiv Gandhi sent troops to Sri Lanka which were called India Peace Keeping Forces. The IPKF was sent to maintain the peace in the neighbouring country but it led to many small wars between the native Sri Lankans and the Indian Forces which not only disturbed the peace but also caused lots of casualties. This created a negative image of India in the minds of Sri Lankan people and led to the assassination of the then PM of India Mr. Rajiv Gandhi and also to some disputes between the two countries. People even after so many years hate each other and the best example of this hate is that Sri Lankan players are banned to play in Tamil Nadu during any international or national level game event, like the Sri Lankan players were not allowed to play in the Chennai Stadium during IPL this year.

But now the most important question is how much India should be blamed for this incident and violence in the Sri Lanka, and the answer is that wherever there was battle between the LTTE and IPKF occurred, at all those places it was completely India's mistake and if India wished it could have ignored the violence. The main motive of India was to create the supremacy in the land rather than settling down the events and to show their supremacy they fought against the Sri Lankans which they should have avoided in all the cases and only then they would have called the Indian Peace Keeping Forces. And India failed to do that and the result had created a bit of tension between Sri Lanka and India and also led to some tensions in the Tamil region of India. And of course India is blamed for it's actions in Sri Lanka which created more violence in Sri Lanka rather than peace.

The fight of supremacy in the middle east between Saudi Arabia and Iran had made it worse to live in some parts of it and the three most affected countries are Iraq, Syria, and Yemen. Currently, Iraq has been suffering from war between Iraqi forces and ISIS, while Syria is witnessing civil war and Yemen had been put into Yemen war. Both Saudi Arabia and Iran are in cold war since the late 20th century and both the countries want the total control of the middle east region. Iran while exported it's idea of revolution to Iraq, Syria and Afghanistan to overthrow their rulers and set a shia rule in the country which had created the much know shia-sunni conflict in the middle east which gave rise to the groups like ISIS, Al-queda, Boko-Haram, etc. which are now violating the region of middle east which has led to the three current wars in the Middle east region. On the other hand Saudi Arabia supported Sadam Husain to invade Iran in the year 1980 and in order to get the control of the Middle east. Nearly a million of people died in that war in which Iraq was backed by Saudi Arabia creating much rage in shais and sunnis against each other. And even now when all the middle east countries are suffering from civil war or some kind of violence, Saudi and Iran are fighting proxy wars against each other in these regions. The Syrian war, Iraqi war and many other terrorist activities are backed by either of the country in order to get the control of the region. Thus the Saudi and Iran are mainly responsible for the wars and violence in many middle east countries and yet not blamed for what they are doing. And if Saudi and Iran stop funding and backing the militant groups in the regions, the situation will get better but Saudi and Iran are in greed of getting the control of the region and thus does not want to stop as it is not their people who are being killed by these militant groups.

India and Pakistan probably the most hated countries hated among each other, and the reason for this hate is not Mr. Jinnah or Mr. Nehru but the England, and we know this but even then we hate each other as the nations and always pay homage to England that they had created us, but it should be like this that people for both the countries love each other because they were one at some times but were separated just by the bloody politics and the British should be kept reminded that it is because of them that we are separated from each other and had suffered the blood stains the wars and mass riots during and after the partition. Well, even some say that the it were Nehru and Jinnah who created this partition, well said, they were responsible but how much, they played role in the plan set by the Britain. Why Britain will have done that? just because they did not want to leave such a great resource of wealth and thought that if they will make the people hate each other then it will be hard for the respective governments to rule their countries and will ask them to rule them again. Also, the Britain should be blamed because they were the one who were ruling the Indian Subcontinent at that time and it was there responsibility to make sure that partition should not occur at any condition. See there is certainly never one reason for an event to occur, there are some set of reasons for the occurrence of every event and Britain was one among many reasons for the partition, and if even Britain would not have supported the partition then that mass killing of people during forced migration and during wars between both the countries.

With growing power of North Korea, the country fearing the most is the USA and of course it should be frightened, very much frightened because the whole violence and war in the Korean peninsula occurred because of the ego fight between two countries i.e. USA and USSR. It were these two countries who fought the real war at the land that did not belong to them and by the men which were not there but even then it was exhibition of power of these two countries. It was there ego and the race of superiority which led to mass destruction in the Korean peninsula. And if both these countries would not have supported then the DMZ would not be present and with the DMZ the hate was also not there that exists among the people of both the sides. And we should not forget the role of China in the creation of this worlds most sensitive border. So, it was because of these three super powered countries that the world faced the worst war and the most deadliest border of all time DMZ. If there was no such race of superiority between the USA and the USSR then we would not have seen the DMZ and the obsession of North Korea with mass destruction weapons. That race of superiority and the nuclear weapons in the hands of North Korea had brought the world near the Third World War.

So, we got the set of reasons for the DMZ and the unrest in the Korean peninsula and one of them is the obsession  of North Korea for war and the other is the race of superiority between USA and USSR during the mid 20th century.

So we have discussed that who were mainly responsible for the hate among the countries and the violent borders at various places. There is lot more in the later parts of this Hate in the World series. Hope you guys would have liked the points discussed in this articles. Also you want to know about any other event related to history and current situations you can ask me in the comments section below. Also do read our other articles and subscribe to our blog and share these articles as much as possible.

Hope you guys would have loved the article, for the next article of this series of articles click here.

This happened soon after the death of Aurangzeb as his successor was Shah Alam 1 but the main power of administration was in the hands of his noble 'Wazir Zulfiqar', this led to the emergence of new power centre and the Rulers became more dependent on their nobles for decisions rather than relying on their own decisions. This thing kept on increasing with time and the complete power was shifted from Kings' hand to the Nobles which were not accountable to the people and were always keen to make a handsome profit for them which resulted in the decline in economy and the empire both. If the rulers were independent just like their forefathers they might have changed the situation and could have even terminated the decline of the Mughal Empire.

Mughals were known for their large empire and thus generated large taxes from that area but with time and the decline in the power of the kings, many other rulers set themselves free from the Mughal rule which were concurred by the starting rulers and also many autonomous states started emerging from the Empire like Deccan, Avadh, and Bengal set themselves free from the Mughal Empire which not only reduced the area of the empire but also the resources and the taxes of that region. This emergence of the small autonomous states weakened the Mughal Empire from inside and thus played a great role in the decline of the Mughal Empire.

This reason might be considered as a bit wired but you know what this also played an important role in the shrinking of the Empire. This happened in this way that the rulers before respected the culture and the religion of the native people which created a nice image in the hearts of the people. But the later rulers like after Aurangzeb did not respected the native peoples' religion which led to many rebels in the state and eventually many region set them free from the Mughal empire and merged in their ethnic empire like many regions joined Marathas, while some joined the Sikh empire and in same way many other regions were separated from the Mughal Empire which also played a great role in the decline.

One of the most important reason for the decline of the Mughal rule is the uncertainty that who is the king as the throne was much unstable as some of the rulers were killed by their own nobles while some died soon after their succession which led to the conflict in the royal family and thus there was no time for the external matters to look after for. We can say that during that time the focus was on the throne rather than the problems of people and the attacks from neighbours. Also the age at which the kings succeed the throne was too late and at such late age they were not as effective as it was needed to rule such a kingdom.

And this is the reason because of which the Mughal empire finally came to end and much of the royal family members were killed. This happened in the return of the support showed by Bahadur Shah to the rebellions of the 1857 revolt. When the rebellions approached the king for support, he agreed and supported them but this led to the end of the Mughal Empire and deportation of Bahadur Shah to Rangoon. Thus, the support showed by the king led to the complete end of the Mughal Empire and also the British people became the official ruler of the Indian Subcontinent.

So, these all are the major reasons for the fall of the Mughal Empire. This is just a reason point of the end of Mughal empire, the whole story will be updated soon.

If this is my first article that you are reading I will suggest you to read a few more that you might like them.

Read about the rock art paintings of bhimbetka at Rock art paintings.

Also check my article on the Harappan Culture at 1. harappan-civilization-compared-to.html
                                                                                 2.indus-culture-and-modern-urbanisation.
                                                                                 3.religion-of-harappan-people.

These paintings evolved over the period of time as there is much difference in the painting style of different period at this single place only. This might be considered as the excellence of practice as in the starting phase these paintings were not so well finished and were pretty large in size but later on the size reduced gradually and the details of the objects were highlighted much more than the previous ones. The paintings in the later phase also started giving the details of  the scene in a much better way as the later phase paintings also gave the information of the weapons, rituals, musical instruments, etc. which were not present in the paintings which were made in the earlier phase. Thus, this suggests that the painting skills of the Mesolithic people also started developing over the period of time with more and more practice just like of the modern day artists get better with more practice.  

The Mesolithic settlement was just at the same featured location just like the settlements of the other ages i.e. the place with proper and regular supply of water, rich flora and fauna, and large rock shelters, etc. which were much required for the survival of the people at that time. The Mesolithic people much relied on the flora and fauna for there food and were dependent on the Rock shelters for spending there nights. This is the reason why major civilizations settled along the banks of rivers only. This pattern of living in these kind of areas was present in all the continents as Kakadu National Park in Australia, Bushmen in Kalahari Desert, Lascaux in the France, etc were all the sites of the Mesolithic era which suggests the preference of people to the easy availability of the basic resources necessary for the survival of the people. Perhaps it is the same way how people now-a-days lives in the city for good jobs and opportunities. 

People lived relatively in large groups as compared to the Neolithic age. The houses were built in the groups with much modern design but the concept of burnt bricks were not known to them. The economy was not much stable as the whole was based on the village level system. The infant mortality rate was higher and the death due to unnatural reasons was also high in number which suggests that the period lacked the basis information of medications. There exist the inequality among the people as the leader of the village lived in the large rectangular house while all the villagers lived in the small round huts which gives the idea of the dominating power of the village head. Religious activities started flourishing and the worship of mother goddess was also practiced as some small clay images of earth goddess have been discovered at certain places. 

Domestication of the animals were much popular and animals domesticated were sheep, goats, pigs and buffaloes and also the hunting of deer was quite popular however the horse was not known to them. People used to eat beef and pork and the animals were domesticated for slaughtering not for milk and dairy products. People used to produce rice, wheat, bajra and other cereals while practicing the slash and burn agriculture method. Many tools were used for agricultural purposes but the plough and hoe was not known to the people. 

Much technological advancement took place during the Chalcolithic age however the major advancement took place during the Neolithic period and the Harappan Culture. The red and black decorative pottery came into the existence during this period which continued even in the Harappan Civilization. The Chalcolithic people were the expert copper-smith and knew how to smelt the copper and make tools from it. Also, the manufacturing of different types of ornaments, jewelry, and beads started from the Chalcolithic age only. The people also knew how to spin and weave however the technology did not change much after the Neolithic age.

The most prominent site of the chalcolithic age was the Khetri mines present day Rajasthan as most of the copper used in thi age was mined from this mine only. Although, the towns of this age also flourished in the states like Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnatak, etc. However the most developed chalcolithic sites are Nevasa, Jorwe, Navdatoli, Malwa, etc. Some of the Chalcolithic age sites which were part of Harappan culture are Kalibangan, Banawali, and Kot Diji.

The Chalcolithic age is always considered as the secondary age as there is no particular time in which the age flourished independently as either Neolithic age or Harappan Civilization was flourishing contemporary to it at some different place which overtook it's identity and also much innovations took place during this age particularly in India.

You will also like my article on Neolithic age at neolithic-age.

These notes can be helpful for UPSC Preparation, Board Exams, and other competitive exams.

The production of the food started from this era only and all the agricultural reforms occur in this era only. People started cultivating land for food grains and fruits. Crops like corn and horse gram were grown popularly. The exact cropping pattern is not known to us till now but many historians assumes that the people practiced shifting cultivation but the permanent settlement of the community suggests that people didn't perform shifting cultivation. The use of various tools for agricultural purposes were popular but ploughes were not introduced as this was the first time humans were practicing agriculture. Historians think that farming technique was discovered out of accidental event as the discovery of fire. The domestication of animals was also practiced during this age however cattle like ship, goat and cow were only domesticated.

Tools and Technology -

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Human life changed much after the Palaeolithic age as fire was discovered by them which led to more comfortable life of the people. The main occupation was hunting, fishing and food gathering. The people of this age are considered to the Holocene era. Also, people started domesticating animals later during this age, thus it can be said that milk and milk product became known to them. However, the skills of farming were not developed at that time but art in the form of rock paintings became very popular. These paintings are the major source of information of that period and the tools which were excavated from various places. The homes were same as during the Palaeolithic age i.e. caves and the rock shelters. The people used to move to new place after they exhausted the natural resources of that place.

The weapons and the tools had some drastic change from Palaeolithic age to the Mesolithic age as the size of the tools reduced very much as compared to the tools of the Palaeolithic age and the tools thus became easy to carry and handle. While the tools could be used as they were but if needed they could be also used for making other tools by them. These tools were used as composite tools for making arrows, sickles, spearhead, etc. after combining them to any sticks or bones. Also, the tools are known as microliths because they are the miniature version of the tools which were generally present before and after. However, the notable point is that the tools from both the ages were naturally occurring i.e. they weren't artificially crafted by people but were rather searched by them. These tools were mainly meant for hunting and chopping and other related stuff but some tools were also used for other use as digging the land and cutting the wood, etc.

Rock Art Paintings are the major source of information of this period which provides all the information related to the social life, habits, practices, etc. of that time. The rock painting are discovered at many places in India and other part of the world. These rock paintings were drawn by red and black colour. The paintings gives us the idea of life at that time. These paintings were mainly dominated by the animals which suggests that the whole age was animal centred. Many of the animals are seen in these painting but none of the paintings shows a portrait of snake or related reptile. The paintings shows that the men are dominating the animals which suggests that the animals were domesticated during this time and were used for many purpose. These paintings also shows the social condition of that era and shows that the religious practices were also popular and the labour was divided on the basis of gender. The highest number of these paintings are found at Bhimbetka Caves, which consists of over hundreds of such paintings each depicting the life during Mesolithic age. The rock art paintings were also discovered at Sohagighat in Kaimur Hills. The other places where such paintings were discovered are Ezhuthu Guha in Kerala, Sambalpur and Sundargarh in Orissa, and many other places. These paintings aren't just informative in nature but are great example of creativity and are always gives a tough competition for the paintings of the modern era even being so old.

The largest and most documented Mesolithic site in India is Bagor which is located on the banks of Kothari river in Rajasthan where layered burial of Mesolithic men were found along with some large number of Mesolithic tools. The proof of animal domestication were first discovered here in bagor along with Adamgarh in Madhya Pradesh. Mahadaha in Uttar Pradesh is the place where large number of bone artifacts were found which included arrowheads and other stuff. Many settlements were also discovered on the banks of river Krishna at Tinnevelly in Tamil Nadu. The belongings have been discovered across all the India uniformly unlike of Palaeolithic age. However, Bhimbetka remains the site with highest number of rock art paintings discovered across the India till no.

This is what we know about the Mesolithic age; if I forgot to cover some topics please let me know in the comment section.

Also, check out my article on the Palaeolithic age at palaeolithic-age-in-india.